2 results
Investigation of noise sources in high-speed jets via correlation measurements
- J. PANDA, R. G. SEASHOLTZ, K. A. ELAM
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 537 / 25 August 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 August 2005, pp. 349-385
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To locate noise sources in high-speed jets, the far-field sound pressure fluctuations $p^\prime $ were correlated with each of density $\rho $, axial velocity $u$, radial velocity $v$, $\rho uu$ and $\rho vv$ fluctuations measured from various points in jet plumes. Detailed surveys were conducted in fully expanded, unheated plumes of Mach 0.95, 1.4 and 1.8. The velocity and density fluctuations were measured simultaneously using a recently developed non-intrusive point measurement technique based on molecular Rayleigh scattering. The technique uses a continuous-wave narrow line-width laser, Fabry–Perot interferometer and photon counting electronics. Laser light scattered by air molecules from a 1.06 mm long region on the narrow beam was collected and spectrally resolved by the interferometer. It was observed that the fluctuation spectra for air density inside the plume were in general similar to those of axial velocity spectra, while the radial velocity spectra were somewhat different. For the correlation study, microphone polar angles were varied from 30$^\circ$ to 90$^\circ$ to the jet axis. The sound pressure fluctuations $p^\prime $ at the shallowest 30$^\circ$ angle provided the highest correlation with turbulent fluctuations. The correlations sharply decreased as the polar angle was increased to 60$^\circ$, beyond which all data mostly fell below the experimental noise floor. Among all turbulent fluctuations $\langle\rho uu; p^\prime\rangle$ correlations showed the highest values. Correlation with the first-order terms $\langle\rho ^\prime \bar{u} \bar{u}; p^\prime \rangle$, $\langle\skew3\bar\rho \bar{u}u^\prime; p^\prime\rangle$ and third-order terms $\langle\rho ^\prime u^\prime u^\prime ;p^\prime\rangle$ was higher than that from the second-order terms $\langle\skew3\bar\rho u^\prime u^\prime ;p^\prime \rangle$ and $\langle\bar u\rho ^\prime u^\prime ; p^\prime \rangle$. Both $\langle v^\prime ; p^\prime \rangle$ and $\langle\rho vv; p^\prime \rangle$ correlations with the 90$^\circ$ microphone signal fell below the experimental noise floor, while that from the shallow 30$^\circ$ microphone showed weaker values. By moving the laser probe to various locations in the jet, it was found that the strongest noise source lay downstream of the end of the potential core and extended many diameters beyond. Correlation measurements from turbulent fluctuations along the lip shear layer showed a Mach-number dependency: significant values were measured in supersonic jets, while correlations fell below the noise floor for subsonic jets. Various additional analyses showed that fluctuations from large coherent structures mostly contributed to the measured correlation, while that from small-scale structures fell below the noise floor.
Experimental investigation of density fluctuations in high-speed jets and correlation with generated noise
- J. PANDA, R. G. SEASHOLTZ
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 450 / 10 January 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 January 2002, pp. 97-130
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- Article
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The air density fluctuations in the plumes of fully expanded, unheated free jets were investigated experimentally using a Rayleigh-scattering-based technique. The point measuring technique used a continuous-wave laser, fibre-optic transmission and photon counting electronics. The radial and centreline profiles of time-averaged density and root-mean-square density fluctuation provided a comparative description of jet growth. To measure density fluctuation spectra a two-photomultiplier-tube (PMT) technique was used. Cross-correlation between the two PMT signals significantly reduced the electronic shot noise contribution. The density fluctuation spectra were found to be remarkably similar for all Mach number jets. A detailed survey in fully expanded Mach 0.95, 1.4 and 1.8 jets further confirmed that the distribution of various Strouhal frequency fluctuations remained similar, except for a spatial stretching with increased Mach number. In spite of this similarity in flow fluctuations the noise sources in these three jets were found to be significantly different. Spark schlieren photographs and near-field microphone measurements confirmed that Mach wave radiation was present in the Mach 1.8 jet, and was absent in the Mach 0.95 jet. Direct correlation measurement between the flow density fluctuation (cause) and far-field sound pressure fluctuation (effect) shed further light on the sound generation process. For this purpose a microphone was kept fixed at a far-field point, mostly at a distance of 50 diameters and 30° to the flow direction, and the laser probe volume was moved from point to point in the flow. In the Mach 1.8 jet, where the convective velocity of Kelvin–Helmholtz instability waves exceeded the ambient sound speed, significant correlation was measured from the peripheral shear layer, while in the Mach 0.95 jet, where the instability waves had subsonic convective speed, no correlation could be measured. Although the same instability waves were present in both Mach 1.8 and 0.95 jets, the peripheral shear layer of the former was found to be an obvious noise source, while that of the latter was not. Further correlation studies along the jet centreline showed that behaviour in the region downstream of the potential core was similar in all Mach number jets tested, 0:6[les ]M[les ]1:8. Good correlation at low Strouhal frequencies was measured from this region, which started from downstream of the potential core and extended many diameters from there.